Types of Cancer
Basic Cancer
Oncology is a branch of medicine that specializes in the study and treatment of Cancer. Trillions of cells make up the human body. The human body’s fundamental functional unit is it. Human cells typically divide to create new cells as the body requires them through a process known as cell growth and multiplication Old or damaged cells die, and new ones replace them when the body regenerates them. Cancer occurs when the body’s cells grow out of control and spread to other parts of the body.
Diagnosis: Diagnosis is the identification of a disease based on the symptoms and the cause via examination. It is after the diagnosis of the disease that the course of the treatment and the prognosis is decided.
Prognosis: A prognosis is a prediction of the future course of a disease. A prognosis follows a diagnosis. It generally tells how long will the symptoms or the conditions last and how dangerous is condition.
Stages, Grade: The stage of cancer tells and describes the size of a tumor and how far it has spread from its origin. The grade of cancer depends on how the cells are looking like and what they show under the microscope.
The signs and symptoms of cancer depend upon the part of the body it is affected. Some of the general symptoms associated with cancer are:
- Thickening of an area on the body that can be felt under the skin
- Unexplained bleeding or bruising
- Skin Changes- darkening or redness of the skin, sores that won’t heal
- Unexplained fevers or night sweats (persistent)
- Lump
- Weight changes
- Fatigue
The human body is made up of trillions of cells. Each cell has a nucleus which consists of the DNA and this DNA consists of genes. The complete set of these genes is called a Genome. Cancer occurs when changes are caused in these genes. The genome is different for everybody so one person’s cancer is different from another person’s cancer.
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Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy
Radiation Therapy
Targeted Therapy
Bone Marrow Transplant
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BREAST CANCER
Every person suffering from breast cancer has different experiences based on clinical profiles.
Some patients have no pain or changes in the body.
The most common symptom is a new lump or mass around the breast area- hard and non-tender, while others may be uncomfortable.
There might be inflammation, swelling around the armpit or breast area, or pain in the breast or nipple.
Please note that all breast lumps or masses are cancer.
There are various different reasons for breast cancer. Even after significant studies, the exact pinpoint cause of breast cancer is NOT transparent. But, we were able to identify the numerous risk factors for breast cancer in women, including hormonal, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Other factors include:
Increasing age
Personal history of breast cancer
Early menstruation
Late menopause
First pregnancy after age 30 or no prior pregnancies
Use of oral contraceptives
Family history of breast cancer
Presence of certain inherited genetic changes
History of radiation therapy to the chest
Long-term use of combined hormone therapy
Alcohol use
Obesity after menopause
Breast cancer treatments have two main goals: to kill cancer cells and to prevent a recurrence.
These treatments include:
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GI CANCER
Nausea and Vomiting
Discomfort or pain in the stomach area
Unexplained weight loss
Feeling full or bloated after a small meal
Weakness or fatigue
Obstructive symptoms
Inflamatory Symptoms
Gastritis (Inflammation of the lining of the stomach)
Eating piping hot food or drinking
Acid reflux
Spicy food
Surgery
Radiation Therapy
Anticancer treatment (Systemic Treatment)
Chemotherapy
Hormonal Therapy
Targeted Therapy
Immunotherapy
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LUNG CANCER
Chest pain
Shortness of breath.
Wheezing
Fatigue
A cough that persists, worsens, or produces blood
Unexplained weight loss
Chest pain worsens with deep breathing or coughing
Frequent lung infections such as bronchitis or pneumonitis
Signs of metastasis (spreading to the other organs) includes bone pain, headache, weakness, numbness, jaundice, or enlarged lymph nodes.
Smoking
Passive smoking
Exposure to asbestos
Inhaled toxins from industrial chemicals or radioactive ores
Radiation therapy
Air pollution
Family history of lung cancer.
E-cigarettes
Treatment Options: These options include Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy, Laser therapy, Radiation therapy, Surgery. Treatments vary by stage and may include:
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HEAD AND NECK CANCER
A lump in your throat, mouth, or neck
Pain in your upper teeth
A mouth or tongue sore that doesn’t heal
Trouble breathing or speaking
A persistent sore throat
consumption of tobacco in various forms like cigarettes/bidi /areca nuts /khaini/paan
HPV virus
A multidisciplinary approach is offered for the treatment of complex head and neck cancer
Immunotherapy
Targeted therapy
Angiogenesis therapy
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OVARY CANCER
Ovarian cancer develops in the ovaries ( female reproductive system). The ovaries also produce the female hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Types:
Approximately 30 different types of ovarian cancer are based on the name of the cell in which the tumor originates. Cancerous ovarian tumors most commonly develop in the epithelial cells, which make up the outer layer of the ovary (epithelial ovarian cancer); in the germ cells, which form eggs (germ cell tumors); or in the stromal cells, which produce and release hormones (ovarian stromal tumors).
The types of cancer of the ovaries include:
Epithelial ovarian carcinomas, including mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell, undifferentiated, and, in rare instances, some that form in ovarian low malignant potential tumors
Primary peritoneal carcinoma (also called primary peritoneal cancer)
Fallopian tube cancer
Dysgerminoma ovarian germ cell cancer
Endodermal sinus tumor (yolk sac tumor)
Tumors and Sertoli-Leydig tumors
Ovarian sarcomas, including carcinosarcomas, adenosarcomas, and fibrosarcomas
Ovarian cysts
Recurrent ovarian cancer
Sex cord-stromal tumors (also called sex cord tumors, sex cord-gonadal stromal tumors, or ovarian stromal tumors), including granulosa cell tumors, granulosa-theca
Abdominal bloating, indigestion, or nausea
Trouble eating, such as a loss of appetite or feeling full sooner
Pressure in the pelvis or lower back
More frequent urination or an urgent need to urinate
Changes in bowel habits or constipation
Increased abdominal girth
Tiredness or low energy
Changes in menstruation
Elevated levels of the protein CA-125
Ovarian cysts, masses, and tumors may be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Symptoms of these pelvic masses may include:
Pelvic pain
Nausea or vomiting
Pain shortly before or after the start of your period
Pressure, swelling, or pain in the abdomen
Lower back pain or thigh pain
Difficulty emptying your bladder
Pain during sex
Abnormal bleeding
The exact cause is unknown, numerous factor increases the risk of ovarian cancer.
strong family history of breast or ovarian cancer
Inherited genetic BRCA mutations on breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) or breast cancer gene 2 (BRCA2)
Inherited genetic disorders of Lynch syndrome or Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Previous breast cancer, colorectal cancer, or endometrial cancer
Childbearing status, with the risk declining as a woman has more children
Non Breastfeeding mothers
Women using oral contraceptives for at least three months at lower risk
Gynecologic surgery, with women who have had a tubal ligation or hysterectomy at reduced risk
Treatment options for ovarian cancer patients may include:
Surgerywhich may involve debulking or the removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes or removal of the uterus (hysterectomy), lymph nodes in the area, or the surrounding organs and tissue
Chemotherapy given orally or intravenously, or injected directly into the abdomen through intraperitoneal chemotherapy
Hormone therapy
Ovarian cortex cryopreservation involving freezing ovarian tissue before treatment so a woman may be able to bear children later
Targeted therapy
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan
Ultrasound, including transvaginal ultrasound
Advanced genetic testing, examining abnormal cells for DNA alterations
CA-125 test, a blood test to determine levels of the CA-125 protein
Pelvic exam
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THALASSEMIA
Thalassemia is an inherited condition affecting the capacity of the body to produce blood. Thalassemia varies in severity requiring no treatment to severe forms requiring lifelong transfusions.
Weakness
Slow growth
Abdominal swelling
Facial bone deformities
Pale or yellowish skin
Fatigue
Dark urine
Oxygen in body is supplied by hemoglobin. Hemoglobin in adults has 4 chains 2 alphas and 2 betas. There are other types of hemoglobin which have a slightly different kind of chains; however they are not very severe usually. In Thalassemia, there are genetic mutations because of which the capacity of the patient to produce these chains is decreased. Thus many types of Thalassemia are possible according to the mutation and the chain affected.
Bone marrow stem cell transplant
Frequent blood transfusions.
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COLORECTAL CANCER
Colorectal cancer develops in the tissues of the colon and/or rectum. The lower part of the gastrointestinal (digestive) system contains the colon and rectum form a long, muscular tube called the largest intestine, its function is to absorb food and water and store the waste. The rectum is responsible for passing waste from the body. Thalassemia varies in severity requiring no treatment to severe forms requiring lifelong transfusions.
Cancer develops when: Polyps, mushroom-like growths inside the colon, grow and become cancerous
Cells along the lining of the colon or rectum mutate and grow out of control, forming a tumor.
Types of colorectal cancer:
More than 95 percent of all colorectal cancers are adenocarcinomas of the colon or rectum. Colorectal adenocarcinomas form in glands that secrete fluids to lubricate the colon and rectum. Adenocarcinomas are found in most common cancers, including breast cancer, prostate cancer, and pancreatic cancer.
Other types of colorectal cancer include:
- Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors
- Primary colorectal lymphomas
- Gastrointestinal stromal tumors
Fatigue
Nausea or vomiting
Bowel habit changes
Thin, ribbon-like stools
Diarrhea and/or constipation
Rectal bleeding or blood in the stool
Unexplained weight loss or loss of appetite
Incomplete bowel movements (the feeling of being unable to empty bowels completely)
Stomach pains, bloating, fullness, or cramps that occur frequently and don’t go away
Obesity, diet, smoking, and genetics are among the biggest contributors to colorectal cancer risk.
Risk Factors of Colorectal Cancer:Age (after 50)
Family history of colorectal cancer or polyps
History of colon polyps, Previous colorectal cancer diagnosis
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn’s disease
Certain genetic syndromes, such as Lynch syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
Type 2 diabetes
Lifestyle factors that may increase the risk of colorectal cancer include:Diet high in fat, red meats, and/or processed meats
Unhealthy weight or obesity, especially in men
Sedentary lifestyle
Moderate to heavy alcohol consumption
Tobacco use
Treatment for colorectal cancer may include surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and a number of other options. Which would be appropriate for you depends on several factors, including the stage and extent of your disease. The process of treating colorectal cancer often involves the input and expertise of a multidisciplinary care team—a group of doctors who specialize in various fields of medicine related to treating cancer of the colon or rectum. These doctors work together to establish a treatment plan suited to you. As colorectal cancer may be treated using a combination of approaches, different doctors may guide you through these treatments according to their specialty.
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Brain Cancer
A brain tumor is a mass or growth of abnormal cells in your brain. The exact cause of Brain cancer is not known.
Types of Brain cancer:
- Astrocytomas
- Ependymomas
- Oligodendroglioma
- Mixed gliomas
- Pituitary adenomas
- Pituitary carcinomas
- Germ cell tumors
- Pineal region tumors
- Craniopharyngiomas
- Germ cell tumors
- Medulloblastomas
- Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphomas
A headache that changes depending on the time of day and position of the head, and worsens over time
Seizures
Numbness
Nausea or vomiting
Memory loss
Muscle weakness
Speech difficulty
The risk of developing primary brain cancer is shallow. Those risk factors include:
Compromised immune system
Genetic links, such as Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and neurofibromatosis (NF1 and NF2), which are inherited conditions that have been found in families with a history of rare brain tumors
Chemical exposure to certain industrial chemicals or solvents
Previous radiation treatment
Treatment options for brain cancer patients include:
- Surgery, neurosurgery, and craniotomy
- Minimally invasive surgical techniques, including endoscopy
- Intraoperative neuronavigation, a brain-mapping procedure
- Intraoperative electrophysiology brain mapping also called motor mapping and language mapping
- Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT)
- Radiation therapy, including external beam radiation and whole-brain radiation
- Chemotherapy, including local chemotherapy and systemic chemotherapy.
- Targeted therapy, addressing specific pathways or abnormal brain cells involved in tumor growth
Diagnosing Brain Cancer:
- Biopsy
- Angiography
- Nuclear medicine bone scan
- Computed tomography (CT) scan
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- Positron emission tomography (PET) scan
- Chemotherapy, including local chemotherapy and systemic chemotherapy.
- Laboratory tests, including advanced genomic testing, looks for DNA alterations that may be causing cancer to grow
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Thyroid Cancer
Thyroid cancer accounts for 3% of all new cancer cases. Thyroid cancer is abnormal cell growth that begins in the thyroid. The thyroid gland is butterfly-shaped at the base of the neck, just below Adam’s apple. Hormones produced by the thyroid regulate heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and weight.
Types of thyroid cancer:
- Papillary thyroid cancer, the most common thyroid carcinoma, forms from follicular cells
- Follicular thyroid cancer, is a differentiated thyroid cancer, meaning the cancer cells resemble normal thyroid cells
- Hürthle cell thyroid cancer also called oxyphil cell carcinoma, which is a subtype of follicular carcinoma
- Medullary thyroid cancer, a carcinoma that develops from C cells in the thyroid gland, including familial medullary thyroid cancer
- (FMTC) and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2)
- Anaplastic thyroid cancer is the most undifferentiated type of thyroid carcinoma, meaning the thyroid tumor cells look more like cancer cells than normal cells.
- Neck Lump
- Fatigue
- Hoarseness
- Swollen glands in the neck
- A cough that persists and is not caused by a cold
- Muscle weakness
- Neck pain, often starting in the front of the neck
- Voice changes
- Difficulty breathing
- Trouble swallowing
Risk Factors for thyroid cancer are : Those risk factors include:
- Inherited genetic conditions, such as a mutation of the RET gene, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), Gardner syndrome, Cowden disease, and Carney complex type 1
- Family history of thyroid cancer in a parent or sibling
- Low-iodine diet
- Radiation exposure, including from radiation therapy
- Chemotherapy
- Hormone therapy
- Lymph node removal
- Radiation therapy, includes external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), and radioactive iodine therapy.
- Lobectomy, thyroid surgery to remove the lobe containing a cancer.
- Thyroidectomy, is surgery to remove most (subtotal or near-total thyroidectomy) or all (total thyroidectomy) of the thyroid gland
- Targeted therapy, including the use of kinase inhibitors, which target specific enzymes that help regulate cell growth, or angiogenesis inhibitors designed to prevent tumors from establishing new blood supplies
Diagnosing thyroid cancer:
- X-ray
- Ultrasound
- Laryngoscopy
- Computed tomography (CT) scan
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- Computed tomography scan (CT scan)
- Positron emission tomography (PET)/CT sca
- Nuclear medicine scan (also called a thyroid scan)
- Blood tests, such as a thyroid function test; level tests of the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4); or a level test of the protein thyroglobulin
- Biopsy, a sample of thyroid tissue or thyroid cells obtained either through a fine-needle aspiration (FNA) or an incisional biopsy, usually performed in an operating room under general anesthesia
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